please formulate a response to this discussion

please formulate a response to this discussion with 5-6 points with explanation and references. This is a master’s level class for nursing. thank you. 1. “Is the research article well written” (concise, no grammatical errors, no use of jargon, and organized)? (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659). Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: The research article follows a logical pattern where the purpose is addressed at the beginning of the paper and all the steps to address the purpose of the study were written afterwards. It had a conclusion with the findings towards the end that wrapped up the study. There were no grammatical errors or use of jargon. Due to the organization of the research article, going from research , to methodology, analysis, and findings, this was a well written article (Ryan-Wenger, 1992, as cited in Coughlan et al., 2007). Yes No 2. “Do the researcher(s’) qualifications/position indicate a degree of knowledge in this particular field?” (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659). Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: The researcher is Martha Meraviglia, and she is a clinical nurse specialist with her doctoral degree. These titles indicate that the researcher has knowledge in the area of healthcare and would therefore be able to conduct an appropriate research study (Dale, 2005, as cited in Coughlan et al., 2007). Yes No 3. Is the title of the research article concise, clear, and accurate? Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: The title of the article, “Effects of Spirituality in Breast Cancer Survivors”, does not follow the recommendation of being between ten to fifteen words long, however it is concise in its wording for what the article is about (Meehan, 1999, as cited in Coughlan et al., 2007). For this reason, it is a “well written” research title. Yes No 4. “Does the abstract offer a clear and concise overview of the study including the research problem, sample, methodology, findings and recommendations?” (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659). Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: The abstract does offer a clear and concise overview of the study. It outlines the purpose, design, sample, method, variables, findings, conclusions, and nursing implications. By having a well written abstract, the reader is able to determine if the research study is relevant to their interest (Parahoo, 2006, as cited in Coughlan et al., 2007). Yes No Integrity Questions 1. “Is the purpose of the study/research problem clearly identified?” (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659) Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: The purpose of the research is clearly identified in the beginning of the paper. This being mentioned, the terms that are used let the reader easily understand what is being said. Yes No 2. Do the steps described in the research report seem logical? Do the steps flow naturally from one step to another? Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: Though steps within the research article are logical, it does not necessarily flow naturally going from one step to the next. The steps/questionnaires that are presented in this paper show relation but do not show characteristics of progression. Yes and No 3. “Is the [literature] review logically organized? Does it offer a balanced critical analysis of the literature? Is the majority of the literature…recent…, from primary sources and of an empirical nature?” (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659) Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: The literature review is logically organized. Some of the literature referenced in this article would have been recent at the time of it being written in 2004 but the majority of sources listed are well over 5 years old at time of publication. A majority of sources are of an empirical nature and are primary sources. Yes and No 4. Is there a clear conceptual or theoretical framework? Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: There is a clear conceptual framework in this study. The framework connects spiritual concepts, such as meaning in life and prayer, with concepts relative to well-being such as physical and psychological responses towards breast cancer. Figure 1 within the research study provides a visual depiction of the conceptual framework (Meraviglia, 2006). Spirituality, meaning in life, and prayer in relation to health benefits were discussed in a literature review prior to laying down the conceptual framework. This adds to the soundness of the conceptual framework’s development (Burns & Groves, 1997, as cited in Coughlan et al., 2007). Yes No 5. “Have [clear] aims, objectives, a research or hypothesis been identified?” (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659). Support/explain your answer, describe why or why not: Yes. The aims, objectives, research , and hypothesis have been all identified in the paper. This is shown in the beginning of the article. Yes No 6. Has the sample population been clearly described? If “yes” describe the sample and how the sample was selected (Was it a random sample or a convenience sample? What were the inclusion and/or exclusion criteria?) Yes. The sample population has been described. As mentioned by Meraviglia (2006), the study consisted of women with breast cancer who were 21 years or older, able to read English, and in a fair state of health. The sample was a convenience sample because nurses, oncologists, and radiologists referred patients to the investigator. Flyers were posted in oncology and radiology centers, breast cancer centers, and on websites. Yes No 7. Was the study approved by an Institutional Review Board (or a similar type of ethics committee)? Support your answer: While the author mentions that approval was obtained from an appropriate review board before the start of the study, they do not mention which review board was utilized (Meraviglia, 2006). Yes No 8. “Is the research design clearly identified?” (Coughlin, Cronin, & Ryan, 2007, p. 659). If yes, what was the research design? The study was a descriptive, correlational study created to examine the influence of spirituality on well-being women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer (Meraviglia, 2006). Yes No 9. What instruments were used to measure the variables in the study? A Background Information Survey was used to assess the demographics. The Characteristics of Cancer survey was used to assess the type of cancer, presence of metastasis, length of disease, daily medications, and medications to control the symptoms. The Life Attitude Profile-Revised (LAP-R) is a Likert-Scale used to measure discovered meaning, purpose in life, coherence, choice and responsibility, death acceptance, existential vacuum, and goal seeking (Meraviglia, 2006). The Adapted Prayer Scale (APS), the Symptom Distress Scale (SDS), and the Index of Well-Being scale were also used to measure the variables of prayer, physical response, and psychological response, respectively (Meravigilia, 2006). 10. Did the researcher(s) indicate whether the above instruments were reliable and valid? Support/explain your answer: Meraviglia (2006) concludes that the reliability of the LAP-R, the APS, the SDS, and the Index of Well-Being were all acceptable. The LAP-R internal consistency reliability of .70-.85 were appropriate; The APS internal consistency reliability was acceptable at .96; the SDS internal consistency reliability was acceptable at .90; and the Index of Well-Being was acceptable at .95 (Meraviglia, 2006). Yes No 11. Did the researcher(s) describe how the data was analyzed? Support/explain your answer: The researchers explained that they used a three-step analysis to analyze the relation between spirituality and mediation. They also used correlational analysis on outcome variables. The researchers stated that they used a mediator analysis to assess the indirect effects of prayer and the meaning of life. This was set up to see if they can find a relationship between outcome variables and predictors. Yes No 12. Are results clearly described? Did the researcher(s) indicate whether the results were statistically significance? If “yes” describe the findings and indicate whether the findings were significant: The study consisted of 84 women and through correlational analysis the results were identified. Women with lower distress reported to be employed (r=30), higher functional status (r=0.32), lower stages of cancer (r=0.27), and a better relationship with a higher being (r=0.24). The study does indicate that having meaning in life positively affects your psychological wellbeing (r=0.66). This showed that mediator and outcomes variables comparison was significant. The authors of the article do not specify if the correlation coefficient is statistically significant. The personal meaning index showed a negative association with symptom distress, while a positive association was attributed to psychological wellbeing (r=0.70). The study showed that prayer was not significant with symptom distress. Yes No 13. Did the researcher(s) link the findings back to the literature review? Support/explain your answer: The researchers state that meaning in life was linked to both decreases in the impact of current functional status on both physical and psychological well being. This indicated that the findings are in support of Baron and Kenny’s (1986, as cited in Meraviglia, 2006). results. The authors also state Gall & Comblat (2002, as cited in Meraviglia, 2006) and Thompson & Pits (1993, as cited in Meraviglia, 2006) studies showed similar results. Yes No 14. Did the findings answer the research ? If a hypothesis was identified, did the findings address the hypothesis? If the hypothesis predicted a certain finding, did the research support the hypothesis? If “no”, describe why not: The findings indicated that meaning in life does have a significant impact on women with breast cancer. The reason for this study was to see the effect of prayer on women with breast cancer. It was important to know that researchers concluded that a larger sample size was needed to determine the true impact of prayer. There was no hypothesis identified in this study. Yes No 15. Did the study’s findings support or refute the theory? Support/ explain your answer: The study’s findings supported the theory that meaning in life did have a significant impact. It played a crucial role in the feeling of well being in those studied. They did also conclude that further research was needed to see how well being was affected by prayers. Support Refute 16. Did the researcher(s) discuss strengths, limitations, and generalizability of the study? If “yes” what were the strengths and limitations? To whom are the study’s findings generalizable? Yes, Dr. Meraviglia did discuss the limitations of the study but did not explicitly discuss the strengths. The study’s limitations include a self-selected sample which could result in a biased study group of individuals that may have an interest in the subject matter of spirituality and the role it plays in coping with breast cancer (Meraviglia, 2006). The study also mentions the possibility of type I error being a factor. The small sample size is also listed as a limitation due to concern that it could “limit the effect of the mediating variables on physical well-being” (Meraviglia, 2006). The study discusses its generalizability when it states that using the spiritual resources of finding meaning in life and prayer are supported to help cope with a diagnosis of cancer. Yes No 17. Did the researcher(s) make recommendations for further research? If “yes” what were the recommendations? Yes, the research recommends that further research be conducted on the mediating effects of “prayer on physical or psychological well-being.” (Mereavilia, 2006). The study also recommends another study with a larger sample size to explore “the influence of this aspect of this spirituality.” This could have been worded differently to make the recommendation more clear for future exploration. Yes No 18. Did the researcher(s) properly reference the books, journals, and other sources cited in the study? Support/explain your answer: Yes, the researcher properly references books, journals, and other sources in this study. The researcher refers to previous studies and includes accurate in-text citations. The reference list is properly formatted. Yes No 19. Describe the clinical significance of the study to nursing practice: The clinical significance of the study is that oncology nurses should encourage women diagnosed with breast cancer to explore aspects of their spirituality. The researchers also recommend that nurses assist patients in “examining their feelings that may be affecting their sense of physical or psychological well-being.” (Meraviglia, 2006). References Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2007). guide to critiquing research. Part 1: Quantitative research. British Journal of Nursing,16(11), 658-663. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2007.16.11.23681 Meraviglia, M. (2006). Effects of spirituality in breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33(1), E1-E7.https://doi.org/10.1188/06.ONF.E1-E7

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