PLEASE ANSWER TO MY PEERS ACCORDING THE

PLEASE ANSWER TO MY PEERS ACCORDING THE FOLLOWING ESSAYS, EACH REPLY SEPARATED 1– People with disabilities face many barriers in healthcare settings, and this causes them to have poor health outcomes. These barriers include bias from care providers, policy and procedural limitations to accessing care, little accommodation for communication impairment, and lack of physical accommodations to enable people with disabilities to access healthcare. The main implication of these challenges is that care providers should understand and address both system-level and provider barriers to care for this vulnerable population (Lagu et al., 2022). This means that clinicians should address discriminatory attitudes and biases among care providers, and improve training and education for providers to prepare them to provide care to people with disabilities. Clinicians can improve access to healthcare for people with disabilities by making policy changes to address system-level barriers of healthcare for this population using tools such as publicity, lawsuits and education (Lagu et al., 2022). One of the vulnerable populations that were negatively affected by COVID-19 is older adults. Older adults are classified as a vulnerable population because they have poor health status due to lowered immunity caused by advanced age (Knickman & Elbel, 2019). Additionally, there is a significantly high number of comorbid conditions that are associated with this population, such as diabetes, hypertension, respiratory system diseases and cardiovascular disease (Mueller et al., 2020). The low immunity status of older adults and high rates of comorbid conditions exposes older adults to poor health outcomes when infected by COVID-19. According to Mueller et al. (2020), individuals aged 65 years and older accounted for 80% of COVID-19 hospitalizations and they had 23 times greater risk of death from COVID-19 compared to individuals below 65 years old. This represents a disproportionate impact of health inequities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic for older adults. Some of the challenges that face older adults are high rates of comorbid diseases, and high cost of health insurance due to their ‘high-risk’ status coming at a time when these individuals are retired or about to retire. This makes it very expensive to provide quality care for older adults. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) helped to address this problem by reducing the cost of prescription drugs for older adults. Additionally, the ACA reformed health insurance by prohibiting the exclusion of individuals with pre-existing conditions, most of which are older adults (Jacobs & Mettler, 2018). This helped to reduce the number of uninsured older adults, and increased their access to care. — REPLY TO THE ESSAY #1 ABOVE. 2- Persons with disabilities face several barriers to care, and this affects health outcomes for this vulnerable population. These barriers are: lack of physical accommodations that make it difficult for persons with disabilities to access care; communication challenges for people with hearing and visual impairments; caregivers’ lack of sufficient knowledge and skills in providing care to persons with disabilities; structural barriers that include policies and procedures that limit access to care for this population; and negative attitudes towards persons with disabilities (Lagu et al., 2022). One of the main structural barriers that is highlighted by clinicians is limited time allocated to patients with disabilities, thus hindering efforts to provide patient-centered care. Nurses can address this barrier by advocating for policy changes to give clinicians more time during appointments to enable them to align care to patients’ needs. Persons living with HIV/AIDS form a vulnerable group that was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This group is vulnerable because of the disease status of people in the group because HIV/AIDS is a disease that compromises the immunity of this population (Knickman & Elbel, 2019). Research data shows that HIV-positive status is not associated with COVID-19 susceptibility; however, people living with HIV/AIDS have significantly worse outcomes when they are infected with COVID-19 due to their immunocompromised status that increases the risk of COVID-19 progression once infection occurs (Brown et al., 2021). The social service needs of people living with HIV/AIDS include counseling and psychotherapy, social support, health needs assessment, and advocacy (Remien et al., 2019). There are several challenges that negatively affect efforts to reduce health care costs and improve health outcomes for this this population. These challenges include: poor chronic care in remote locations; concerns about high toxicity of HIV medications; and high poverty rates that negatively affect adherence to antiretroviral therapy (Ford et al., 2018). The Affordable Care Act has addressed financing of care for people living with HIV/AIDS by broadening the eligibility for Medicaid, covering people with pre-existing conditions such as HIV/AIDS, and providing more affordable insurance coverage (Westmoreland, 2016). — REPLY TO THE ESSAY #2 ABOVE. ADD CITATIONS

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