Introduction Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Pregnant women with

Introduction Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Pregnant women with low folic acid levels risk having babies who are born prematurely or with neural tube defects. Folic acid is especially important for healthy fetal growth in the neurological system. The condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is brought on by a mother’s alcohol use while she is pregnant. It can result in developmental delays, small heads, facial abnormalities, and other physical and mental anomalies in the growing fetus. Alcohol can alter the normal growth and operation of brain cells at the cellular level, resulting in various disorders. There are three interventions that can help mothers with low folic acid levels such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, a referral to alcohol treatment, and therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be utilized to treat the client’s depression. “CBT is a type of conversation therapy that aids patients in recognizing and altering unfavorable thought and behavior patterns” (Nakao et al., 2021). This intervention is justified on the grounds that it can teach the client how to manage her depression and elevate her mood. A referral to such an alcohol treatment center might be provided in response to the client’s alcohol intake. The client may receive treatment, knowledge, and support through this program to help her cut back or stop drinking. The goal of this intervention is to assist the client in ending her cycle of alcoholism and lowering her risk of harming herself and the unborn child. Individual treatment with a qualified therapist can be employed as an intervention for the client’s anorexia. The client can learn about and deal with the underlying problems that lead to her eating disorder with the help of the therapist. This intervention is justified on the grounds that it can lower the client’s risk of medical issues, help her improve her body image, and help her build a positive connection with food. Hepatitis B In the given scenario, a three-year-old child contracted hepatitis B. To check for hepatitis B, hepatitis b screening needs to be performed. The three tests that needs to be performed are HbsAg, anti-HbsAg, and anti-hbc. HBsAg or hepatitis B surface antigen screens the presence of the hepatitis B virus in the blood. If a person tests “positive,” additional testing is required to determine whether this is a new “acute” or “chronic” hepatitis B infection. A positive HBsAg test result signifies that a person has hepatitis B and can transmit the virus to others through their blood. The antibody titer test for hepatitis B is called anti-HbsAg. It suggests hepatitis B virus resistance. When a person’s anti-HBs test shows “reactive,” it means they are protected against the hepatitis B virus. The hepatitis B vaccine or a successful hepatitis B infection recovery can be credited with providing this protection. It is uncommon for blood banks to screen donors using this test. If you get a positive anti-HBs test result, you are “immune” to the hepatitis B virus and are therefore unable to contract it. Finally, the existence of anti-HBc indicates a previous or current infection with the hepatitis B virus in an unspecified time range. A “positive” or “reactive” anti-HBc test result signifies a past or present hepatitis B infection. Hepatitis B virus protection is not provided by the core antibody. To completely understand this test, the outcomes of the first two tests must be known (HBsAg and anti-HBs). Hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis immunoglobulin must be administered to the youngster as away. The exposed person can be treated with one dose of hepatitis B immunoglobulin and three doses of the hepatitis B vaccination over the course of six months. After a suspected hepatitis B virus exposure from sex, drug injecting equipment, or an injury such a needle stick, PEP is a treatment that may be administered. PEP is used to lower the chance of contracting the hepatitis B virus. The main therapeutic objectives for people with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to stop the progression of the illness, especially to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular cancer. “The three common pharmacologic treatment of hepatitis B are tenofovir, interferons, and lamivudine” (Song et al., 2021). A nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and the phosphonamidate prodrug of tenofovir is called tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) (NRTI). Passive diffusion and the hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 allow TAF to enter primary hepatocytes, where it is transformed to tenofovir diphosphate, which prevents HBV replication by integrating into viral DNA by the HBV reverse transcriptase and terminating the DNA chain. Proteins called interferons are found in nature and have antiviral, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. A thymidine analogue called lamivudine prevents viral replication by competitively blocking viral reverse transcriptase. There is proof that this effect indirectly modulates the immune system. Burn Victim When a person sustains a burn injury, their body experiences a number of changes in fluid and electrolyte balance. A nurse should explain to the family member that the drainage on the bandages is a normal part of the healing process for burns. The fluid is coming from the wound and is a “mixture of blood, plasma, and other fluids” (Nielson et al., 2017). The fluid helps to clean the wound and prevent infection. The bandages are changed regularly to ensure that the wound stays clean and dry. The family member should be educated that the patient is likely experiencing decreased appetite due to the pain and trauma of their burns. Additionally, the patient may be receiving IV fluids and medications that can affect their appetite. The patient’s nutritional needs will be closely monitored and a plan will be implemented to provide them with the necessary nutrition to aid in their recovery. There is a loss of fluid from the burn wound due to the damage to the skin and underlying tissue. This can lead to dehydration as the body loses more fluid than it is taking in. In a burn victim with second- and third-degree burns over 50% of the body, there are several fluid and electrolyte processes that are affected. There is a loss of fluid from the burn wound, which can lead to dehydration. The burn wound also causes an increase in permeability of blood vessels, leading to the loss of plasma and electrolytes into the wound. Additionally, the patient may experience “decreased appetite and decreased oral intake which can lead to electrolyte imbalances” (Nielson et al., 2017). The patient will be closely monitored for fluid and electrolyte imbalances and treated accordingly. They may be given IV fluids and electrolyte replacement therapy as needed. Conclusion This paper needs an introduction and conclusion to tie together these three scenarios

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