I need help improving my paper Improving

I need help improving my paper Improving Maternal Mortality Rates in African American Women Maternal mortality is a public health concern and an epidemic in the United States of America, which affects women of color more than any other race. Maternal mortality continues to be a major health problem linked to inadequate healthcare accessibility, lack of prenatal care, and affordability. Appropriate health care should be accessible before, during, and after childbirth (Fatema & Lariscy, 2020). Due to racial disparities and the increase in maternal and mortality rates in the United States (US), there is a need to promote awareness of health and wellness to reduce the number of maternal deaths in African American Women. The Leading Health Indicator (LHI) priority from Healthy People 2030 is improving maternal mortality rates in African American women, and the reduce the persistent disparities by race/ethnicity through the quality of medical care for women (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). According to (LHI) “Women in the US are more likely to die from childbirth or problems related to premature labor than women in other high-income countries” (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2022). This paper aims to explore maternal deaths among African American communities and suggest appropriate health promotion strategies to improve the mortality and morbidity rate. Relate Topic to Target Population The topic selected is improving maternal mortality rates and African Americans are the targeted cultural population. The topic is extremely important as maternal mortality continues to be a significant public health problem in the US that puts women of color at risk. Evidence by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggested that “In 2020, 861 women were identified as having died of maternal causes in the US, compared with 754 in 2019”. The maternal mortality rate for 2020 was 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births compared with a rate of 20.1 in 2019″ (Hoyert, 2022). Based on these findings, maternal mortality rates continue to increase in the US despite the improved health care system and maternal coverage. According to (HHS,2020), there is a high rate of 23.8 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020. Moreover, in the US, “The racial/ethnic inequities in maternal deaths are disturbing; most notably, non-Hispanic black women carry a 3- to 4-fold risk of pregnancy-related deaths compared with non-Hispanic white women” (Collier & Molina, 2019, p. 562). Improving the medical care quality for women before, during, and after pregnancy is necessary to reduce maternal deaths among African Americans. Summary of Articles Collier and Molina (2019) through a systematic review of evidence providing oversight of the current trends, causes, and solutions of maternal mortality in the US. Based on the findings, significant racial/ethnic inequities existed in the US where non-Hispanic black women reported three to four times higher rates of pregnancy-related death compared to non-Hispanic white women. Although medical and public health communities have improved maternal care in the US, racial discrepancies continue to exist with more African American women dying during childbirth. State-based maternal mortality review committees (MMRCs) reported concluded 50% of pregnancy-related deaths in the US were due to cardiovascular conditions, hemorrhage, infections, and cardiomyopathy (Collier & Molina, 2019). African American women are more susceptible to most of the underlying causes of maternal death such as embolism, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Lister et al. (2019) provided information on why maternal mortality was on the rise in the US and disproportionately affecting black women. The findings showed that black women were more likely to suffer from pre-existing cardiovascular morbidity and other conditions that increased the risk of maternal mortality. Lister et al. (2019) also noted that black women in the US were more likely to have multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes, which increased the risk of developing long-term cardiovascular disease. Racial discrimination, dismissive reactions, and the racial bias of clinicians increased the risk of maternal deaths. Hence, reducing black maternal mortality in the US can be obtained through a collaborative approach that involves the patient, public health policy, and health care provider. Fatema and Lariscy (2020) conducted a study to determine the effectiveness of mass media on the disseminated information to reduce maternal deaths among women. The findings showed that mass media was an effective tool that helped disseminated information related to maternal healthcare. Also, mass media exposure including the use of radio, television, and newspaper created awareness of the importance the maternal care and helped improve the well-being of mothers and infants with limited educational resources. The information provided in this article by Collier and Molina (2019) validates the discrepancies in maternal deaths in the US, suggesting that African American women were prone to the underlying causes of maternal death. Furthermore, according to Lister et al., (2019), the main causes of maternal deaths among black women included racial discrimination and maternal healthcare. Health Promotion Discussion Social media can provide education to the target population about maternal mortality, and the importance of prenatal care. Most families have a smart device or smartphone; therefore, social media is an appropriate intervention for increasing knowledge on maternal care prevalence and interventions (Wang et al., 2021). Pregnant women need appropriate information and accessibility related to maternal health, and mass media, including newspapers, radio, and television can disseminate information to African American women (Fatema & Lariscy, 2020; Wang et al., 2021). African American mothers can be contacted through mass media and provided with information to understand the importance of healthcare utilization. Maternal education on the importance of utilization of maternal healthcare services can help African American mothers understand the benefits of receiving adequate healthcare during pregnancy and after giving birth (Fatema & Lariscy, 2020). It can also be used to bring educational awareness when hosting community events such as prenatal checks, and informational sessions before, during, and after their pregnancy. Although social media will be a contributing factor in moving the needle, women of color are often misunderstood by their providers. They must be heard and treated with the same kind of urgency when something goes wrong in their pregnancy. Mandatory annual culture awareness and diversity inclusion training would be beneficial for all clinicians to take to promote sensitivity. Education and training are the key elements along with social media, commercials, articles’ informational programs, and sessions to drive a global concern about the rate of maternal death amongst African American women, References Collier, A. Y., & Molina, R. L. (2019). Maternal Mortality in the United States: Updates on Trends, Causes, and Solutions. NeoReviews, 20(10), e561-e574. https://doi.org/10.1542/neo.20-10-e561 Fatema, K., & Lariscy, J. T. (2020). Mass media exposure and maternal healthcare utilization in South Asia. SSM – population health, 11, 100614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100614 Hoyert, D. L. (2022). Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2020. NCHS Health E-Stats. https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:113967 Lee, K., Pellowski, J., Brayboy, L., & Dunsiger, S. (2022). The association of racism and discrimination in disparities of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: An Analysis of Prams Data. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2255933/v1 Lister, R. L., Drake, W., Scott, B. H., & Graves, C. (2019). Black Maternal Mortality-The Elephant in the Room. World journal of gynecology & women’s health, 3(1), 10.33552/wjgwh.2019.03.000555. https://doi.org/10.33552/wjgwh.2019.03.00055

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