Areas Responsible for Mid-term Test PHD 2

Areas Responsible for Mid-term Test PHD 2 (Units 1, 2, 3 and 4) **Etiology, Pathogenesis, & Clinical Manifestations, diagnostic tests for all listed. Unit #1: Neoplasia Explain what a neoplasm is and how it develops. List and explain (rationale) the systemic manifestations of several types of cancer. Define cachexia and explain the reason for it in cancer patients. Define the term metastasis. Explain how cancers can spread through the body. Compare and contrast the grading vs. staging of cancer. List and explain the risk factors for cancer development. Define the term “carcinogenesis”. Explain the three steps of carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion, and progression. Compare and contrast protooncogenes, oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. List and explain some of the warning signs of cancer. Explain what “paraneoplastic syndromes” are. Describe and explain the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms, including cell characteristics, growth, spread, tissue destruction, and mortality and morbidity factors associated with each type of neoplasm. Explain why infections are common in cancer patients. Explain the relevance of conducting a biopsy of the sentinel lymph node upon discovery of cancerous lesions/tumors. Unit #2: Nervous System Disorders Traumatic Brain injury what it is, etiology, prevention. Types Traumatic Brain Injury – Primary (focal/coup; polar/coup contracoup; diffuse. Concussion & grades; Contusion; & intracranial hematoma – epidural hematoma; subdural hematoma; subarachnoid hemorrhage. Intracranial pressure – What is it? 3 components make up vol. of cranium (brain tissue; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) & blood) Common causes increased ICP (based on the 3 components making up volume of cranium) 2 types Edema associated with increased ICP – vasogenic edema and cytotoxic edema Clinical manifestations of increased ICP Manifestations of Brain Injury. Hydrocephalus – types – normal pressure hydrocephalus; obstructive hydrocephalus; & communicating. Cerebrovascular Disease – stroke & transient ischemic attack (TIA). Cerebral aneurysm. Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM). Central nervous system infections – meningitis, encephalitis, & brain abscess. Spinal Cord Injury – etiology and prevention. Spinal Cord Injury results from compression; blunt trauma. Main mechanism injury spinal cord injury (flexion/hyperflexion injury; hyperextension injury; compression injury. Identify and describe what occurs after injury to spinal cord – post injury; symptoms below level of injury; cervical or upper thoracic injury E.G. neurogenic shock, autonomic dysreflexia (with injury @ or above T6). Multiple Sclerosis. Spina Bifida – types – occulta; meningocele; meningomyelocele/myelomeningocele. Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Seizure Disorders – partial (simple, complex) & generalized (absence or petit mal; atypical absence; myoclonic; atonic “drop attacks”; tonic-clonic “grand mal”. Dementia/Alzheimer Disease. Parkinson Disease. Cerebral Palsy – types – spastic; dyskinetic; ataxic. Brain neoplasms Unit #3: Urinary Disorders Identify the functions of the kidney and the nephron. Review the anatomy of the kidney; and the structure and function of the nephron. Identify and describe how glomerular filtration is regulated. Identify and describe how substances are transported across the renal tubules; and the regulation of blood volume and osmolality. Outline the abnormal constituents of urine. Intrarenal Disorders Identify and describe common manifestations of kidney disease. Identify and describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of the following congenital abnormalities associated with the renal system: Renal agenesis and hypoplasia Polycystic kidney disease (ARPDK and ADPDK) Identify and describe etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of the following neoplasms associated with the renal system: Renal Cell Carcinoma Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Identify and describe etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of the following infectious processes associated with the renal system: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) (e.g., cystitis) Acute Pyelonephritis Discuss the factors that cause obstructive disorders of the urinary tract. Identify and describe etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of the obstructive renal disorder renal calculi (nephrolithiasis). Identify and describe etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of acute glomerulonephritis. Compare and contrast Nephrotic vs. Nephritic syndromes. Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Identify and describe etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of the types of acute renal failure listed below: Prerenal kidney injury Postrenal kidney injury Intrarenal kidney injury Acute tubular necrosis Prodromal stage Oliguric stage Post-oliguric stage Identify and describe Chronic Kidney Disease according to: stages complications Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of the following inflammatory and infectious processes associated with the urinary system: Urethritis Cystitis Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of obstruction of the lower urinary tract as occurs with Ureterolithiasis Bladder urolithiasis Unit #4 Structure and function of GI System. Manifestations of GI tract disorders: Dysphagia with respective categories Esophageal pain Abdominal pain Vomiting Intestinal gas Constipation & diarrhea – types of diarrhea Esophageal disorders: Gastroesophageal reflux Hiatal hernia (sliding & paraesophageal) Conditions of stomach & intestines: Gastritis Gastroenteritis Peptic ulcer disease Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD): Ulcerative colitis Crohn disease Diverticular Disease. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Intestinal Obstruction – include volvulus & intussusception. Explain Dumping Syndrome and the effect it has on the GI system. Differentiate between colon polyps & colon cancer. Identify the function of the gallbladder. Differentiate between Cholelithiasis & Cholecystitis. Acute Cholecystitis & Chronic Cholecystitis. Acute Pancreatitis & Chronic Pancreatitis. Structure & function of liver. General manifestation of liver disease: Jaundice Prehepatic Hepatic/intrahepatic Posthepatic Portal Hypertension Ascites Gastroesophageal varices Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis as it relates to the patient with advanced liver disease. Portal Systemic Encephalopathy with focus on Hepatic Encephalopathy & Cerebral edema. 5 types of acute viral hepatitis (table 38-4). Cirrhosis: Biliary cirrhosis Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Identify and describe the characteristics of alcoholic fatty liver and alcoholic hepatitis.

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