I need a Review for this paper

I need a Review for this paper Personal Position Paper, “Should I Use Spanking as an Option in My Repertoire of Disciplinary Measures for My Toddler?” Spanking: NO! In this day and age, spanking as a form of punishment has become a contentious point of discussion and an ethical dilemma – truly a hot topic within the realm of discipline. Several decades ago, spanking seemed to be a more widely accepted and commonly used method of disciplining a child; even teachers would use wooden paddles to spank disobedient and disruptive students. Fast forward to today, and the view on spanking has changed drastically. Personal Position Prior to focusing on this topic, I think I had always been leaning more toward being against the use of spanking as a disciplinary measure for toddlers and preschool-age children. I admit that there was a lingering thought that if no other disciplinary action worked, that spanking could be used to correct disobedience. However, after doing some research on the topic and listening to the arguments that were presented during our panel discussion during class, I am much more opposed to disciplining a child by spanking them. I am much more opposed to the use of spanking now because I am aware that its use has been associated with negative impacts on the child’s cognitive development, social-emotional development, and self-regulation, and can lead to antisocial behavior, increased aggression, and mental health problems. With just a quick Google search I found an overwhelming amount of news articles, publications from renowned universities and medical associations, and research articles that opposed spanking (and other forms of corporal punishment) as a form of discipline. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), an organization made up of more than 67,000 physicians specializing in pediatrics, released an article for parents and caregivers providing guidance on what they believe are effective discipline strategies that do not involve spanking, other forms of corporal punishment, or verbal shaming (Sege et al., 2018). In this literature review, the authors reference previous research that associates spanking with increases in the likelihood of physical injury, negative impacts on the parent/caregiver-child relationship, future acts of defiance and aggression, and cognitive and mental health problems. The authors also highlighted a longitudinal study that found a link between the frequent use of spanking and depressive symptoms for both mothers and fathers (Sege et al., 2018). Clearly, the evidence does not support the idea that spanking is an effective way to discipline and raise healthy children. There is a study that was published several months ago that supports the argument that spanking can harm a child’s social development. This was a longitudinal cohort study of a US kindergarten with children from the ages of five to seven. The results showed that both lifelong and recent experiences of spanking by five years of age were associated with an increase in the frequency of externalizing behaviors (e.g., physical aggression, verbal bullying, defiance) at ages six and seven; the data also revealed that spanking was associated with lower self-control and interpersonal skills by ages six and seven (Kang, 2022). I could find dozens more articles that all highlight similar findings, that spanking at a young age can have detrimental physical, mental, and emotional effects on the child. I presented on the con side during the panel, and I found it very difficult to find persuasive arguments and concrete evidence that would support the use of spanking. The basis of the argument of the side in favor of spanking is it is acceptable in certain circumstances and that it may be used as a last resort of discipline, not punishment. Developmental Challenge There are two stages from Erikson’s stages of development that are relevant to this hot topic, autonomy vs. shame and doubt for toddlers, and initiative vs. guilt for preschool-age children. According to Erikson, toddlers are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control and learning to do things for themselves. Meanwhile, preschoolers have passed the autonomy vs. shame stage and are now focused on asserting their newfound power and control over others by directing play and other social interactions. As children learn how to be more independent and interact with people that aren’t their parents or family members, they may do something that the parent/caregiver may consider socially unacceptable, resulting in punishment like spanking. Repeated spanking may lead to failure in either or both of these stages, which could result in low self-esteem and increased self-doubt from the autonomy vs. shame stage, and increased guilt and reluctance from the initiative vs. guilt stage. Family-Centered Care Approach As the name suggests, family-centered care focuses on more than just the patient; it focuses on the family as a whole. With family-centered care, the healthcare providers work in partnership with the patient and family members to work through the decision-making process and reach decisions. A key component of this collaborative approach is that both the family members/patient and healthcare providers respect each other’s backgrounds, experiences, knowledge, and skills. When it comes to disciplining a child, it is ultimately up to the parents/caregivers how the discipline is carried out. The nurse’s role is to discuss with the patient and family what discipline looks like for them and provide suggestions for supported disciplinary actions and how to facilitate healthy growth and development. It is important to note that the nurse should take action if they suspect that the child is at risk of or a victim of abuse. Communication Approach Just like anyone else, all healthcare providers have opinions. However, it is not their job to force their opinions onto their patients. If I was working with a parent who was in favor of using spanking as a tool to discipline their child, I would need to set my own personal beliefs aside and be open and honest with them. First, I would thank them for asking me what I think about the topic and recognize that we don’t share the same beliefs, which is okay. It’s important that I explain the rationale behind my position, which is when I would reference non-biased objective data that highlights the negative impacts spanking can have on a young developing child. I would also emphasize the amount of support from pediatricians and other pediatric-focused professionals that do not support the use of spanking. After sharing what I know about the effects of spanking, I would ask the parent to share why they support and/or use spanking as a disciplinary tool. I would try to meet the parent where they are at. I think this will help in maintaining a trusting relationship, that I’m interested in what they have to say as well. I might ask them what helped them form their opinion – were they spanked as a child as well? I could also ask them if they have any concerns about spanking – what discipline might look like without it. I would try to address any concerns they have to the best of my ability, and then ask them if it is okay if I share some resources with them that promote healthy growth and development and provide alternatives to spanking.

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